-
1 poor
[puə], [pɔː] 1. прил.1) бедный, малоимущий, неимущийShe came from a poor family. — Она родилась в бедной семье.
The defendant is too poor to afford a lawyer. — Ответчик настолько беден, что не может позволить себе нанять адвоката.
Syn:Ant:an area poor in coal — регион, со скудным запасом угля
sinners, in other words those who are poor in spirit — грешники, другими словами, нищие духом
3) плохой; слабый; скудный; недостаточныйpoor eyesight / hearing / memory — плохое зрение, плохой слух, плохая память
I am a poor swimmer. — Я плохо плаваю.
I am poor at sport. — Я плохой спортсмен.
She is a poor sailor. разг. — Её быстро укачивает.
He is a poor loser. — Он не умеет достойно проигрывать.
His English is very poor. — Он очень плохо говорит по-английски.
Syn:4) неплодородный ( о почве)5) худой, тощий ( о скоте)6) уст. скромный; жалкий, ничтожныйSyn:7) бедный, несчастныйOh, you poor thing. — Ах ты, бедняжка!
Syn:8) диал. недавно умерший, покойныйSyn:••(as) poor as a church mouse — беден как церковная мышь / крыса
2. сущ.to take a poor view of smth. — не одобрять что-л.
( the poor) употр. с гл. во мн. бедные, малоимущие, неимущиеAnt: -
2 among
[ə'mʌŋ]amongst [ə'mʌŋst] preposizione tra, fra, in mezzo a [crowd, population, trees, ruins, papers]••one bottle among five isn't enough — una bottiglia per o in cinque non basta
Note:Remember that tra or its variant form fra are the Italian translations of both among(st) and between* * *1) (in the middle of: a house among the trees.) tra, in mezzo a2) (in shares or parts to each person (in a group etc): Divide the chocolate amongst you.) tra* * *[ə'mʌŋ]amongst [ə'mʌŋst] preposizione tra, fra, in mezzo a [crowd, population, trees, ruins, papers]••one bottle among five isn't enough — una bottiglia per o in cinque non basta
Note: -
3 among
1 ( amidst) parmi ; among the population/crowd parmi la population/foule ; among the trees/ruins au milieu des arbres/ruines, parmi les arbres/ruines ; I found it among her papers/belongings je l'ai trouvé parmi or dans ses papiers/affaires ; among those present was the ambassador parmi les personnes présentes il y avait l'ambassadeur ; your case is only one among many vous n'êtes qu'un cas parmi d'autres ; I count him among my closest friends je le compte parmi mes meilleurs amis ; to be among friends être entre amis ; among others entre autres ; among other things entre autres choses ; many of the soldiers deserted, among them Tom beaucoup des soldats ont déserté, dont Tom or entre autres Tom ;2 ( affecting particular group) chez ; unemployment among young people/graduates le chômage chez les jeunes/les diplômés ; this illness is commonest among the elderly cette maladie se rencontre le plus fréquemment chez les personnes âgées ;3 ( one of) it is among the world's poorest countries c'est un des pays les plus pauvres du monde ; this book is not among her most popular works ce livre ne fait pas partie de ses œuvres les plus connues ; she was among those who survived elle a été de ceux qui ont survécu, elle a fait partie des survivants ; we are hoping to be among the first nous espérons être dans les premiers ;4 ( between) entre ; among ourselves/themselves entre nous/eux/elles ; his estate was divided among his heirs ses biens ont été partagés entre ses héritiers ; sort it out among yourselves arrangez ça entre vous ; they can never agree among themselves ils n'arrivent jamais à se mettre d'accord ; one bottle among five isn't enough une bouteille pour cinq ce n'est pas assez. -
4 among
among [əˈmʌŋ], amongst [əˈmʌŋst] preposition• among(st) the various things he gave me, there was... parmi les diverses choses qu'il m'a données, il y avait...* * *[ə'mʌŋ]amongst [ə'mʌŋst] preposition1) ( amidst) parmi [crowd, population]; au milieu de, parmi [trees, ruins]; parmi, dans [papers, belongings]2) ( affecting a particular group) chez3) ( one of)4) ( between) entre -
5 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
6 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
7 address
[ə'dres] 1. сущ.1)а) адрес; место жительства, нахожденияbusiness address — рабочий адрес, адрес организации
forwarding address — адрес, по которому следует пересылать корреспонденцию
permanent address — постоянный адрес, постоянное место жительства
Please write down your name and address on a postcard. — Напишите, пожалуйста, своё имя и адрес на открытке.
2) информ.а) адрес, полное имя, путь ( место расположения данных в памяти компьютера)б) адрес, код, идентификатор ( поля памяти)в) адрес ( в интернете)3) обращение; речь; официальное выступление; адрес (юбилейный)an address about / concerning smth. — выступление, касающееся тех или иных проблем
to deliver / give an address — выступить с речью
He had scheduled an address to the American people for the evening of May 27. — Он планировал выступить с обращением к американскому народу вечером 27 мая.
Syn:4) ( addresses) уст. ухаживаниеThe black footman persecuted her with his addresses. — Чернокожий лакей докучал ей своими ухаживаниями.
5) такт; ловкость, (умелое) обхождениеWith the charms of beauty she combined the address of an accomplished intriguer — Обаятельную внешность она сочетала в себе с ловкостью опытной интриганки.
6) форма обращения (как называть того, к кому обращаются с речью)7) приписка (регистрация судна в определённом порту, порту приписки)2. гл.1) обращаться (к кому-л.), говорить (с кем-л.)When she spoke, she addressed him in English, but with a heavy French accent. — Она заговорила с ним по-английски, но с заметным французским акцентом.
Syn:2) ( address to) выступать перед (кем-л.; с докладом, речью, официальным сообщением), обращаться ( с целью привлечь внимание), взыватьShe addressed her remarks to us. — Она адресовала свои замечания нам.
He addressed himself to the audience gathered round. — Он обратился к аудитории, собравшейся вокруг.
3)Poorly addressed letter makes trans-Atlantic trip. — Письмо с неполно указанным адресом пересекает Атлантику ( газетный заголовок).
б) обращаться (называя по имени, титулу; используя тот или иной способ обращения)to address smb. by his / her name — обращаться к кому-л. по фамилии
He is usually addressed as the Captain. — К нему обычно обращаются "капитан".
4)а) обращать внимание (на что-л.), задумываться (о чём-л.), исследоватьWe must finally address these issues. — Пора, наконец, решать эти вопросы.
This specific question is addressed in the present experiment. — Именно этот вопрос исследуется в настоящем эксперименте.
Guidance on the issues which should be addressed. — Рекомендации по пунктам повестки дня.
б) принимать меры (по поводу, в ответ на), реагировать на; направлять усилия наThe World Bank must address the needs of the poorest countries. — Всемирный банк должен повернуться лицом к нуждам беднейших стран.
Addressing the resentment toward affirmative action programs, Hacker notes… — Реагируя на возмущение по поводу программ предоставления преимущественных прав, Хакер отметил...
to address oneself to (the business of doing) smth. — приниматься за какое-л. дело
I addressed myself to learning Spanish. — Я принялся за изучение испанского.
5) отправлять, предназначать, передавать, перепоручать (особенно по отношению к плавательным средствам; также в торгово-посреднических операциях)ship to be addressed to Marseille — корабль, который следует направить в Марсель
6) готовиться к удару по мячу (встать в соответствующую позу; в гольфе)When they address the ball their hands should be well out in front of their body. — Когда они готовятся к удару по мячу, их руки должны быть прямо перед их корпусом.
•Gram:[ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Addressing people[/ref] -
8 address
1) обращать внимание на …, решать вопросы, принимать меры, задумываться о…, затрагивать вопрос о…(это значение стало более распространенным, чем 'адресовать', 'обращаться')His purpose, Keys said, was to force the electorate to address his arguments about abortion and the family (Guardian).
America needs to start addressing the very real problems still holding our economy back (New York Times).
What would happen if a war erupted one day between China and the United States over Taiwan, and Washington asked Japan for support? Japanese government officials are tying themselves in knots these days addressing that issue - or, sometimes, not addressing that issue (International Herald Tribune). — Японские официальные лица в последнее время мучительно пытаются ответить на этот вопрос, а иной раз найти возможность не отвечать на него.
The World Bank must address the needs of the poorest countries.
Though State Department officials say her visit to Prague will deal with NATO matters only, Albright will have to address her recently revealed Jewish past. Aides say she might consider a pilgrimage to the Pinkas Synagogue. — Ставший недавно известным факт еврейского происхождения Олбрайт не может не наложить отпечаток на ее визит, хотя в госдепартаменте заявляют, что он будет посвящен исключительно вопросам, связанным с НАТО.
A reorientation of public spending towards labor-market and anti-poverty programs is afar better way of addressing the challenges of globalization (Time). — Здесь в переводе нужно использовать глагол, сочетающийся с русским существительным ВЫЗОВ или ПРОБЛЕМЫ
The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > address
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9 address
•• Address to direct a remark or written statement to; to apply (oneself) to a task or a problem (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• Этот глагол в последние годы вошел в моду и одновременно стал одним из самых широких по значению и гибких глаголов в английском языке. В переводе с английского на русский он обычно требует конкретизации, в переводе с русского – может нередко прийти на помощь переводчику с точки зрения как содержания, так и идиоматичности перевода. Несколько примеров:
•• 1. His purpose, Keys said, was to force the electorate to address his arguments about abortion and the family (Guardian);
•• 2. America needs to start addressing the very real problems still holding our economy back (New York Times);
•• 3. What would happen if a war erupted one day between China and the United States over Taiwan, and Washington asked Japan for support? Japanese government officials are tying themselves in knots these days addressing that issue – or, sometimes, not addressing that issue (International Herald Tribune);
•• 4. The World Bank must address the needs of the poorest countries.
•• Интересно, что в двуязычных словарях перечисляется много достаточно очевидных значений, в переводе не трудных (адресовать, обращаться и т.д.), а наиболее широкое значение приводится только как возвратное (to address oneself to). Но, как видно из приведенных примеров, элемент возвратности часто опускается (вообще большинство английских глаголов может быть как переходными, так и непереходными; как возвратными, так и невозвратными). В этом широком значении глагол to address может переводиться самыми различными русскими словами (и служить переводом для них в русско-английской комбинации). Вот некоторые из них, не всегда легко и идиоматично передающиеся по-английски: обращать внимание на..., решать вопросы, принимать меры, задумываться о..., затрагивать вопрос о...
•• Если теперь вернуться к нашим примерам, то очевидно, что из предложенного списка русских глаголов и глагольных сочетаний можно без труда подобрать подходящий перевод, хотя с примером 3, может быть, придется «повозиться». Вариант: Японские официальные лица в последнее время мучительно пытаются ответить на этот вопрос, а иной раз найти возможность не отвечать на него.
•• Бывают, однако, и такие случаи, когда в тупике может оказаться и опытный переводчик. Иногда глагол to address по широте своего значения сближается с такими глаголами, как to take, to put, to get и т.д. Характерный пример из журнала Time: Though State Department officials say her visit to Prague will deal with NATO matters only, Albright will have to address her recently revealed Jewish past. Может быть, подходящим будет перевод высказаться о..., затронуть? Но дальше в тексте: Aides say she might consider a pilgrimage to the Pinkas Synagogue. Приходится прибегнуть к целостному преобразованию, например, в таком варианте: Ставший недавно известным факт еврейского происхождения Олбрайт не может не наложить отпечаток на ее визит, хотя в госдепартаменте заявляют, что он будет посвящен исключительно вопросам, связанным с НАТО. Максимально широкая семантика слова address и в таком примере: A reorientation of public spending towards labor-market and anti-poverty programs is a far better way of addressing the challenges of globalization (Time). В переводе нужен глагол, сочетающийся с русским существительным вызов (или проблемы, если слово вызов вам не по вкусу). В русской части словаря см. статью решать (проблемы, вопросы).
См. также в других словарях:
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